Interesting, I have not heard of these terms before. Thanks for sharing!

I think this adds the bit of nuance that was bugging me: using something like ncurses or vim, presumably when you press a key like ctrl-z or ctrl-d it actually sends the character to the app. It would feel a bit silly if the terminal intercepted the ctrl-d, flushed some buffer, and the program had to reverse engineer whether you pressed ctrl-d or enter or something.

For raw mode, I assume the app asks the tty to please forward some characters to the app. Otherwise, in the default cooked mode, the tty intercepts those control characters to call certain functions. I suppose some REPLs may choose to emulate a cooked mode on top of raw mode, and so they have to handle the \x04 in the same way a tty would to keep it functioning like the user expects. I believe readline does something like this, which is why you had to use bash --noediting for ctrl-d to run the command. Good food for thought :)

I also have to say, naming it “cooked mode” is extremely funny as gen z. I love that

$ cat
You sound very nice :)
You sound very nice :)
Bye<ctl-d>Bye

Oh wait, and cool too
Oh wait, and cool too
<ctl-d>
$ 

The Ctl-D didn’t end the file when i typed “Bye” :( it only worked when I pressed Ctl-D on its own line. So how does cat know that it should ignore the EOF character if there is some text that comes before it?

What Ctl-D does is flush the input to the program, and the program sees how big that input is. If the length of the input is 0 that is interpreted as EOF. So Ctl-D is like Enter because they both flush the input, but Ctl-D is unlike Enter because it does not append a newline before flushing, and as a consequence you can send empty input (aka an EOF “character”) with Ctl-D.

On any reasonable terminal, RETURN has a key of its own

This reminds me of a time at work when I was not on a reasonable terminal. I was explaining to a co-worker how I automated some tasks by running some scripts, but in my demo my RETURN key didn’t work, so I had to improvise and use CTRL+M which worked, hahaha. I don’t know how the terminal got in such a bad spot but it was probably something to do with msys on Windows… honestly not sure. It was perfect timing to have happen while teaching of course ;)

I would also be doing a disservice not to share what the book you linked says about CTRL+D. Right after your quote, it says:

Other control characters include ctl-d, which tells a program that there is no more input

This is pretty good for an introduction, but it is not the full story. It explains CTRL+D properly later (chapter 2, page 45):

Now try something different: type some characters and then a ctl-d rather than a RETURN:

$ cat -u
123<ctl-d>123

cat prints the characters out immediately. ctl-d says, “immediately send the characters I have typed to the program that is reading from my terminal.” The ctl-d itself is not sent to the program, unlike a newline. Now type a second ctl-d, with no other characters:

$ cat -u
123<ctl-d>123<ctl-d>$

The shell responds with a prompt, because cat read no characters, decided that meant end of file, and stopped. ctl-d sends whatever you have typed to the program that is reading from the terminal. If you haven’t typed anything, the program will therefore read no characters, and that looks like the end of the file. That is why typing ctl-d logs you out — the shell sees no more input. Of course, ctl-d is usually used to signal an end-of-file but it is interesting that it has a more general function.

This is why the article says it’s “like pressing enter,” because it flushes the input just like enter. The difference is that enter sends a newline, but CTRL+D does not, so you can exploit that to send no data (and the program chooses to interpret that as an EOF).

not true. try this:

$ date<C-d>

bash did not terminate stdin, because when i press enter it still runs the command, and my shell continues to work as normal!

you can also try this:

$ bash --noediting
$ date<C-d><C-d>

and it will print the date.

so something else is happening here! thats what the link talks about in detail

Aw man :( Asahi Lina and her GPU project has been an inspiration for me. Hope she is alright.

this might not be what you meant, but the word “tar” made me think of tar.gz. Don’t most sites compress the HTTP response body with gzip? What’s to stop you from sending a zip bomb over the network?

I did it!! It also handles the case where an external link and internal link are on the same line :D

sed -E ':l;s/(\[[^]]*\]\()([^)#]*#[^)]*\))/\1\n\2/;Te;H;g;s/\n//;s/\n.*//;x;s/.*\n//;/^https?:/!{:h;s/^([^#]*#[^)]*)(%20|\.)([^)]*\))/\1-\3/;th;s/(#[^)]*\))/\L\1/;};tl;:e;H;z;x;s/\n//;'

Here is my annotated file

# Begin loop
:l;

# Bisect first link in pattern space into pattern space and append to hold space
# Example: `text [label](file#fragment)'
#   Pattern space: `file#fragment)'
#   Hold space: `text [label]('
# Steps:
#   1. Strategically insert \n
#       1a. If this fails, branch out
#   2. Append to hold space (this creates two \n's. It feels weird for the
#      first iteration, but that's ok)
#   3. Copy hold space to pattern space, remove first \n, then trim off
#      everything past the second \n
#   4. Swap pattern/hold, and trim off everything up to and incl the last \n
s/(\[[^]]*\]\()([^)#]*#[^)]*\))/\1\n\2/;
Te;
H;
g; s/\n//; s/\n.*//;
x; s/.*\n//;

# Modify only if it is an internal link
/^https?:/! {
    # Add hyphens
    :h;
    s/^([^#]*#[^)]*)(%20|\.)([^)]*\))/\1-\3/;
    th;
    # Make lowercase
    s/(#[^)]*\))/\L\1/;
};

# "conditional" branch so it checks the next conditional again
tl;

# Exit: join pattern space to hold space, then move to pattern space.
# Since the loop uses H instead of h, have to make sure hold space is empty
:e;
H;
z;
x; s/\n//;

Why you assume there’s only one link in the line?

They did not want external (http) links to be modified as that would break it:

• ✅ [Example](https://example.com/#Some%20Link)
• ❌ [Example](https://example.com/#some-link)

I compromised by thinking that it might be unlikely enough to have an external http link AND internal link within the same line. You could probably still do it, my first thought was [^h][^t][^t][^p] but that would cause issues for #ttp and #A so i just gave up. Instead I think you’d want a different approach, like breaking each link onto their own line, do the same external/internal check before the substitution, and join the lines afterward.

Also, you perform substitutions in the whole URL instead of the fragment component

That requirement i missed. I just assumed the filename would be replaced the same way too Lol. Not too hard to fix tho :)

annotated it is working like this:

# use a loop to iteratively replace the %20 with -, since doing s/%20/-/g would replace too much. we loop until it cant substitute any more

# label for looping
:loop;
# skip the following substitute command if the line contains an http link in markdown format
/\[[^]]*\](http/!
# capture each part of the link, and join it together with -
s/\(\[[^]]*\]\)\(([^)]*\)%20\([^)]*)\)/\1\2-\3/g;
# if the substitution made a change, loop again, otherwise break
t loop;

# convert all insides to the link lowercase if the line doesnt contain an http link
/\[[^]]*\](http/!
# this is outside the loop rather than in the s command above because if the link doesnt contain %20 at all then it won't convert to lowercase
s/\(\[[^]]*\]\)\(([^)]*)\)/\1\L\2/g

This is very close

sed ':loop;/\[[^]]*\](http/! s/\(\[[^]]*\]\)\(([^)]*\)%20\([^)]*)\)/\1\2-\3/g;t loop;/\[[^]]*\](http/! s/\(\[[^]]*\]\)\(([^)]*)\)/\1\L\2/g'

example file

[Some text](#Header%20Linking%20MARKDOWN.md)
(#Should%20stay%20as%20is.md)
Text surrounding [a link](readme.md#Other%20Page). Cool
Multiple [links](#Links.md) in (%20) [a](#An%20A.md) SINGLE [line](#Lines.md)
Do [NOT](https://example.com/URL%20Should%20Be%20Untouched.html) CHANGE%20 [hyperlinks](http://example.com/No%20Touchy.html)

but it doesn’t work if you have a http link and markdown link in the same line, and doesn’t work with [escaped \] square brackets](#and-escaped-\)-parenthesis) in the link

but!! it was fun!

a different comment was saying ricing has a sense of being overdone. So with this I was thinking of “overtuning.” I think it fits more as a hobbyist term than a pragmatic one.

Arch is the only person who has been in my house for the last week and i have no clue how he is going about it and he has no clue how it is affecting him or how he feels and how it is affected me

My reasons were more hardware related. When I was a bit younger my parents gave me a netbook which had 32 GB of storage, and Windows used almost all of it. I wanted to do creative projects in my free time, but I couldn’t install programs or save any of my work. I would often restart to clear log files and gain a bit more working storage, which was extremely annoying because it took like 5 mins for the computer to finally settle down and be usable.

I eventually got a 32GB flash drive which helped a lot, but it was not enough. With 4GB ram I could only have about 3 browser tabs open, and not all the programs I wanted could be run off the flash drive. It was still resource management hell.

Somehow, some way, I learned about Linux. I got a 128GB microSD, put Mint on it. It truly set me free. I could install the software I wanted, I could make the things I wanted to make, I could open more programs at once, and I could do it all without unbearable lag. I never looked back since.

[email protected]

If you’d like to learn how to speedrun a niche puzzle game, check this one out :)

I haven’t written all the tutorial posts I’ve wanted to yet, so stay tuned.

There’s some unexplored territory I haven’t explained for myself, like the connection to graph theory (i dont have any foundational knowledge for graph theory so maybe someone smarter than me can help ;) i figure it would help formalize some proofs)

Feel free to share your progress!

Yeah, thinking about it more, the similarities are kind of narrow.

You could make a better comparison with a regular crowd, but then it wouldn’t feel like much of a showerthought at that point because it’s just observing that the crowd has moved online.

Laugh tracks might be used to improve there ratings of a show, but with memes there’s not really a show and no one’s forcing a laugh

I think the essence of what I was thinking of though is that just like a regular crowd, an online crowd can still influence you to think something is funnier or better than you would alone (at least for me)

LMAO, yeah this one didnt seem to hit did it

fish. I think it has most things i want out of the box, so it should be simpler and snappier than my zsh setup. it’s just that zsh hasnt bothered me enough to try it yet.

also nushell, im interested in the idea of manipulating structured data instead of unstructured text

I was thinking that the user intentionally chose their distro, because of the Ubuntu character.

Cool, more free stuff

Arch, you want more free stuff faster

Not again!

Debian, you want to set and forget, so any updates that do come up are still a nuisance

/dev/sdX is a file, and both dd, cat can read files in full. You can even try something like zstd to compress it too.

One of the nice things about dd though is you can see the progress with --status=progress